Infertility in Men & Women: Complete Guide to Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Infertility is becoming increasingly common among couples in India. Infertility ka simple meaning hota hai – when a couple is unable to conceive naturally even after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse.

For women above 35 years, this period is considered 6 months.

It is important to know that infertility is not only a woman’s problem. Statistics show:

• 33% cases: Female-related
• 33% cases: Male-related
• 22% cases: Both partners
• 12% cases: Unexplained infertility

Good news? Aaj advanced medical treatments se infertility treat ho sakti hai. Early evaluation and the right treatment can significantly increase chances of pregnancy.

📍 What is Infertility? (Simple Explanation)

• Primary Infertility: Couple has never conceived before
• Secondary Infertility: Couple conceived in the past but now unable to conceive again

Infertility affects emotional, physical, and social well-being of couples. But remember—

“Infertility is a medical condition, not a stigma.”

✅ Common Causes of Infertility in Women

Some of the major female infertility causes include:

Common Causes of Infertility in Men

Symptoms of Infertility (Both Partners)

Women may notice:

• Irregular or absent periods
• Very painful periods
• Unwanted facial hair (PCOS signs)
• Frequent miscarriages
• Milky discharge from breasts (hormonal)

Men may notice:

• Erectile/sexual problems
• Low libido
• Pain or swelling in testicles
• Reduced body/facial hair

📊 Quick Summary Table: Infertility at a Glance

Diagnosis & Tests for Infertility (Male + Female)

Timely diagnosis is the most crucial step in infertility treatment. Early testing increases chances of pregnancy and saves time, money, and emotional stress.

Female Infertility Tests

Male Infertility Tests

🧑‍⚕️ Treatment Options for Infertility

Modern medical science offers multiple treatment solutions depending on the cause. Treatment is planned step-by-step, starting from simple to advanced.

1. Lifestyle & Medical Management (First Step)

• Weight management
• Stop smoking/alcohol
• Treat thyroid/PCOS/hormonal issues
• Improve diet, reduce stress

For many couples, these basic corrections alone improve fertility naturally.

2. Ovulation Induction (OI)

Medicines given to women to help release healthy eggs during ovulation.

Success rate: 20–25% per cycle

3. IUI (Intrauterine Insemination)

Washed and concentrated sperm is placed directly into the uterus at ovulation time.

Best for: Low motility, unexplained infertility, mild male issues

Success rate: 15–25% per cycle

4. IVF (In-Vitro Fertilization)

Egg and sperm are fertilized outside the body, and embryo is placed into the uterus.

Best for: Blocked tubes, endometriosis, low AMH, failed IUI, male infertility

Success rate: 40–60% (varies with age)

5. ICSI (Advanced IVF)

One best sperm is injected directly into the egg – ideal for severe male infertility.

Success rate: 50–70%

6. Donor Egg / Donor Sperm / Embryo Options

Recommended only when own egg/sperm reserve is extremely low. Done under strict medical & legal supervision.

⏳ When Should a Couple Seek Medical Help?

Seek fertility evaluation if:

• You are trying for 12 months (below age 35)
• You are over 35 and trying for 6 months
• Irregular or absent periods
• 2 or more miscarriages
• Known problem like PCOS, fibroids, endometriosis, or varicocele
• Male partner has erectile issues or low sperm parameters

Remember: Early diagnosis = higher success.

💗 Prevention & Fertility-Boosting Tips for Couples

Healthy lifestyle plays a major role in fertility. Small changes can improve reproductive health naturally.

For Women

• Maintain healthy weight (BMI 18–24)
• Eat iron, folic acid & omega-3 rich diet
• Avoid excessive caffeine & junk food
• Manage stress – yoga/meditation help
• Track ovulation days (Day 10–18 fertile window)

For Men

• Reduce heat exposure to testicles (avoid keeping laptop on lap)
• Stop smoking, alcohol & gym steroids
• Zinc, Vitamin D & antioxidant-rich diet
• Regular exercise & adequate sleep

🙋‍♀️ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Can stress cause infertility?

Yes. Chronic stress affects hormones in both men and women, reducing fertility.

2. Is infertility only a female problem?

No. Male and female causes are almost equal. Both partners need evaluation.

3. Can infertility be treated without IVF?

Yes. Many couples conceive with medicines, lifestyle changes or IUI. IVF is only needed in specific cases.

4. Does age really affect fertility?

Yes. Women’s egg quality and quantity decline rapidly after 30–32 years. Men’s sperm quality also decreases after 40.

5. What is the success rate of IVF?

Approximately 40–60%, depending on age, egg quality, sperm quality and clinic expertise.

6. How long should we try naturally before seeking help?

Under 35 years: 12 months.

Above 35 years: 6 months.

7. Can PCOS women get pregnant naturally?

Yes. With lifestyle changes, medicines and timely treatment, many women with PCOS conceive naturally.

Dr. Mamta Agrawal

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